This paper presents a brand new digital two-way mini wireless endoscope system, which has the functions of real-time observation of the patient's digestive tract images, total digestive tract examination, and the provision of three-dimensional depth image data. Endoscopic examination is currently the most commonly used and most direct and effective method for the examination of digestive tract diseases, which plays an extremely important role in the diagnosis of digestive tract diseases. However, the existing common endoscope systems have to be equipped with a guide cannula, which brings inconvenience to the operation of the system, and also brings great pain to the examination of patients, and the examination site is limited, and the small intestine part cannot be achieved. an examination. With the development of microelectronics technology, the Israelis have developed a wireless endoscope system [1]. Its development is still in its infancy, and there are some limitations. For example, the image resolution is not high enough, it is only a unidirectional data communication system, Doctors cannot observe the patient's digestive tract images in real time, cannot control the working state of the capsule in the body, the battery power supply time in the capsule is limited (6 ~ 8 hours), the examination of the large intestine cannot be achieved, and only the acquisition of two-dimensional images can be achieved. In addition, Koreans Park and Nam [2] also proposed a wireless endoscope system based on analog circuits, whose main contribution is to introduce the concept of two-way communication in the wireless endoscope system. 1 System characteristics Table 1 compares the main performance indicators of the three systems described above. As shown in Table 1, this system has the following characteristics compared with the other two wireless digestive endoscope systems: (1) The low-power CMOS image sensor with digital image output is used, and the image size can reach VGA size, which is larger than that of Israel. The endoscopic image of the small intestine capsule developed by humans is about four times; (2) The image of the patient's digestive tract can be observed in real time, and the image frame rate is 2 frames / second; (3) The management and control of various energy sources are used to realize the total digestive tract examination; (4) Provide three-dimensional deep endoscopic image data; (5) Use two-way data communication; (6) Controllable compression rate and image size of endoscopic images; (7) Digital endoscopic capsule camera device for wireless transmission and reception in vivo The working state of the circuit can be controlled externally to extend the life of the internal battery; (8) The digital wireless endoscope system provides three alternative system working methods [3]: online working mode, offline working mode and online Combined with offline mode. The schematic diagram of the digital miniature wireless endoscope system is shown in Figure 1. Table 1 Performance comparison of three wireless endoscope systems Note: "-" means undisclosed 2 System hardware structure As shown in Figure 2, the hardware structure of the entire system is composed of three parts: (1) in vivo capsule part: including all circuits in the digital endoscopic capsule camera device with wireless transceiver; (2) in vitro portable part: including portable All circuits in the wireless receiving and data transmission device; (3) The part of the external workstation is the computer control and processing device: including the computer and the external wireless transceiver and data storage circuit board. The following is an analysis of the circuit structure of these three parts. 2.1 Part of the hardware circuit in the body The hardware circuit in the capsule is the core part of the entire wireless endoscope system. Its function is to complete the collection of color images of the endoscope, and to transmit the images to the outside of the body in a wireless manner, while receiving control commands from outside the body. And adjust the working state and working parameters of the hardware in the capsule according to the control command. The key technologies are: collecting high-definition 2D and 3D endoscopic images reflecting digestive tract lesions, efficiently wirelessly transmitting the collected images, low-power circuit design and system energy management. The circuit inside the capsule mainly includes the following three parts. 2.1.1 Image acquisition, processing and control part This part includes a CMOS image sensor with digital image output, an image compression module, a MEMS micro-motor, white light, and LEDs with two different infrared wavelengths (acquisition of three-dimensional depth image data). This part of the circuit not only determines the quality of the endoscopic image, but its low-power design is also critical. Therefore, obtaining high-quality endoscopic images and low-power design that meets the requirements of medical clinics is a part of the internal circuit design that must be implemented. Based on this, the hardware part of the scheme adopts the following design: (1) The front end of the image acquisition uses a low-power CMOS image sensor with digital color image output, and the image sensor does not have any image post-processing functions, but puts these processes in a computer outside the body, which greatly reduces power consumption ; (2) In order to provide an image that accurately reflects the condition of the lesion, the system uses a spectroscopic method to form a three-dimensional depth image, that is, using two different wavelength LEDs and white LEDs as illumination sources to obtain a three-dimensional depth endoscopic image; (3) The digital image output format of the CMOS image sensor does not use RGB, but directly uses the original color Bayer format, so that a better compression ratio can be obtained in the lossless image compression module [5 ~ 6] to reduce the communication bandwidth and wireless The total transmit energy of the transceiver. Even if no compression is used in this method, the maximum raw signal data rate of communication is 640 × 480 × 8 × 2 = 4 915 200 bits / second, and the code rate is only RGB format. 1/3; (4) The system uses the digital image processing flow shown in Figure 3 (b). There are only two modules of compression and wireless modulation in the capsule, which is three modules less than the general digital image processing flow shown in Figure 3 (a), which reduces the area and power consumption of the circuit in the capsule; Figure 3 CMOS image sensor / output digital image processing flowchart (5) According to the different conditions of the patient, the CMOS image sensor can be controlled to output images of different sizes at different periods, adjust the compression ratio and the frame rate to reduce power consumption and communication bandwidth. 2.1.2 Wireless transmission part This part includes channel coding, wireless transceiver, RF power amplifier and antenna. As a communication system, it has three main features: (1) Extra short distance communication, because the body capsule and the body receiver are separated by only one layer of human tissue (including muscle, fat and skin), and the communication distance is up to dozens (2) The attenuation of the communication channel is very large, because human tissue has a great absorption and reflection effect on radio waves (especially electromagnetic waves above the UHF band) [5]; (3) Communication is mainly from the body to the body A large amount of image data transmission, from outside to inside is to send a few bytes of control commands according to clinical needs. Considering from the aspects of volume, power consumption, antenna, circuit implementation complexity, and system communication characteristics, the system uses half-duplex communication, and the transceiver uses a single antenna. As a communication system, the first two important parameters to be determined are the communication frequency and the modulation method. Use 2.4GHz in the ISM band as the communication frequency. In the wireless modulation mode, the system uses FSK modulation from the inside to the outside, and the OOK mode is used to receive the control commands outside the body. This scheme proposes a circuit structure of a wireless transceiver without a frequency synthesizer, as shown in Figure 4. This ensures low power consumption of the entire circuit at the high-level stage of circuit design. The antenna part mainly solves the contradiction between the miniaturization and efficiency of the antenna, because the antenna must be able to be placed in the wireless endoscopic capsule (its size is 11mm × 27mm), and it needs to leave enough space for other parts. The design of the system antenna must adopt the design method of the micro antenna to increase the effective length of the antenna. 2.1.3 Energy supply part This part includes the battery and the energy management circuit [6], which is one of the most critical parts of the hardware circuit of the entire body, because the energy supply of the body part is a necessary condition to ensure the complete digestive tract examination. To extend battery life, the system mainly takes the following three measures: (1) Designed for high-level and low-level low power consumption of the circuit; (2) The system dynamic energy management strategy combined with the physical characteristics of the battery itself, this method greatly extends the battery life; (3) "Communication-based" energy management strategy, which is an energy management strategy that adjusts the operation of each system module based on the system-level communication structure, is greatly superior to conventional energy management strategies in extending battery life. 2.2 Extracorporeal portable wireless receiving and data transmission device The function of the external portable wireless receiving and data transmission device is mainly to divide the endoscopic image data received by the antenna receiving array into two channels, one to the capsule positioning module to obtain capsule positioning information, and the other to the connected wireless receiver. The location information and images are then stored on the portable storage body or forwarded to the computer control and processing device. The main key technologies involved are: (1) based on the radio positioning technology, the position of the capsule in the human body is located through the angle and strength of the antenna receiving array receiving signal; (2) the design technology of efficient antenna array; (3) low power consumption Circuit design technology; (4) ASIC design technology of wireless receiver with high sensitivity, low power consumption and high speed FSK demodulation. 2.3 Computer control and processing device Computer control and processing devices mainly include wireless sending cards, computers, high-definition monitors and related processing software. Its key technologies mainly include: (1) the design of high-speed wireless transceiver (OOK modulation, FSK demodulation); (2) image processing technology based on the original Bayer color image data; (3) reconstruction technology of 3D depth image. The wireless endoscope system solution proposed in this paper is a brand-new digital mini wireless endoscope system solution based on the characteristics of Israeli small intestine capsule endoscope and the research results of South Korea in this field. This solution not only improves the quality of the acquired images, but also provides functions such as real-time observation of the patient ’s digestive tract images, total gastrointestinal examination, 2D and 3D endoscopic image data collection, etc. In addition, the system can provide three types according to the patient ’s condition Different system working modes (ie diagnostic methods). At present, all the digital circuit modules in this system have been verified by FPGA.
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