Typical system A typical driver assistance system includes a camera controller for connecting multiple image sensors (cameras). The controller communicates with the camera to provide configuration information, and the camera communicates with the controller to provide status and image stream data. The controller receives the image stream data sent by each camera, and after processing determines parameters such as distance to the target object, relative speed, and lane information. Real-time calculation of multiple related streams has special requirements for the network, which needs to be met by designing a 1394 car camera system. High bandwidth There are many factors driving the demand for high bandwidth: such as uncompressed or slightly compressed video, video resolution, color depth, and frame rate. In driver assistance applications, video is generally uncompressed or slightly compressed data, which is mainly due to two reasons: the delay from the image sensor frame capture to the start of frame processing must be small and predictable; only very tolerable Less (if any) image compression. Depending on the system, the video resolution can range from 640 × 480 to 2048 × 1536, the color depth can range from 8 to 24 bits, and the frame rate can range from 15fps to 60fps. The 1394 car camera system is based on the IEEE-1394-2008 standard, which supports 98.304Mbps to 3.932Gbps (S3200), of which 983.04Mbps (S800) chips are currently shipped in large quantities. It is not difficult to obtain higher speeds, because the technology based on 8B10B is very common today, and S1600 and S3200 devices have also been successfully demonstrated. At S800 data rate, 6 uncompressed 640 × 480 @ 30fps, 8-bit monochrome camera plus 1 uncompressed 640 × 480 @ 30fps, 16-bit color camera are feasible for driver observation, and there are nearly 200Mbps remaining Bandwidth is used for reverse channels or other network equipment. At the S3200 data rate, there can be 4 uncompressed 2048 × 1536 @ 30fps, 8-bit monochrome cameras for a dedicated camera network, and the remaining 125Mbps bandwidth is reserved for the reverse channel or other network equipment. Low latency Sufficient bandwidth can bring lower latency. However, sufficient bandwidth does not always guarantee low latency. The 1394 standard has sufficient bandwidth to send uncompressed video from multiple cameras, which can significantly reduce latency. In addition, the synchronization function of 1394 enables the time of the image data of each camera to reach the camera controller to be predicted, and can guarantee a maximum delay of 250 μs. If a small amount of compression is required, the delay requirements of the driver assistance system must be met. Safety-critical applications can only tolerate short delays from sensor frame capture to the start of frame processing (from encoding to decoding). For safety-critical applications, this is the most stringent parameter and the maximum delay that can be tolerated is 5ms. The 1394 car camera system with a maximum delay of 250 μs plus Fujitsu ’s SmartCodec can provide 4 times compression and 5 ms encoding to decoding delay. This means that at the S3200 rate, 1394 can support two cameras with maximum resolution, frame rate, and color depth (2048 × 1526 @ 60fps and 24-bit color), and has sufficient bandwidth to support six compressed 1024 × 768 @ 30fps and 16-bit color camera, while the maximum delay of all cameras is guaranteed to be within 5ms. Multiple cameras work synchronously The images from the camera hair form a data stream at a real-time speed of 8000 times per second. Before each 125μs interval, a time-stamped data packet with a resolution of 40ns is broadcast to all devices to achieve resynchronization of all devices. This time stamp is generated by hardware and is not affected by the loading of non-1394 systems, so it can achieve high-precision trigonometric calculations. The 40ns resolution timestamp plus the VersaPHY remote sensor configuration can support high-precision "foreseeable" camera triggers for accurate synchronization of pixels and lines, and the delay is much less than the usual 10μs. Scalability Scalability has different meanings for different engineers. The 1394 car camera system covers everything from data rate to topology to cable to protocol to system. The 1394 specification can be extended in almost every direction: Data rate: 98.304Mbps (S100) to 3.932Gbps (S3200) Topology: support point-to-point, daisy chain, tree and ring (ring) topologies Cables: The media layer of 1394 supports copper cables, plastic optical fibers, armored plastic optical fibers, and glass optical fibers. Protocol: IEEE-1394 is a powerful transmission protocol that supports local cameras, audio and video equipment, mass storage and VersaPHY configuration, and Internet protocols. IEEE-1394 supports both memory mapping (very effective for mass storage) and channel architecture (very effective for audio / video data streams). System: The cost of the 1394 car camera system varies greatly from simple point-to-point cameras and displays to complex multi-camera driver assistance systems implemented with the same hardware. 1394 car camera system. Flexible wiring harness IEEE-1394 is a peer-to-peer network that supports point-to-point, daisy chain, tree, and ring topologies. In addition, the 1394 car camera system supports multiple media types, such as shielded twisted pair, shielded quad pair, coaxial cable, and plastic optical fiber. The working distance of the 1394 car camera system is at least 8 meters, and supports 5 inline connections. All of this flexibility provides camera system designers with powerful tools to form the most powerful, lightweight, and cost-effective driver assistance network harness solution. No software required Car implementations vary greatly, from simple cameras to display applications through multiple cameras connected to camera controllers, and complex collision detection algorithms run on these controllers. The 1394 car camera system uses the 1394 synchronous data stream function to support simple point-to-point analog connection on the network bus architecture. This simplicity is based on the 1394 synchronous data stream architecture and can be implemented 100% in hardware. This means that the video from the sensor is placed on the bus and received, displayed or processed from the bus without the need for 1394 software. This greatly simplifies the camera design, because these cameras can be used without software or processor. In addition, the addition of VersaPHY in 1394 allows the camera to be controlled without software inside and only a small amount of simple software in the controller. For applications like a single camera to a display, there is absolutely no software required in the camera or display. lower the cost Cost is critical-the 1394 car camera system has a great advantage in terms of cost. The S800 1394 chip is already very popular and can be extended to the S3200 using the mainstream Serdes technology used in many other high-volume applications, allowing the 1394 automotive camera system to be further expanded to provide greater bandwidth in a simple and cost-effective manner. As mentioned above, the worst delay for uncompressed video is 250μs, which means that the camera only needs to buffer up to 250μs of data. Limited cache requirements reduce the number of chip gates, making single-chip 1394 solutions and dual-chip, sensor and 1394, camera implementations unmatched cost-effective. Although other technologies often require independent triggers or clock signals to trigger and / or synchronize devices on the network, the synchronization of 1394 data stream devices is the foundation of the architecture and is implemented in hardware, so the 1394 car camera system can be used at no additional cost. achieve this function. Because there are many ways to expand the 1394 car camera system, car manufacturers can choose 1394 for most models, thereby increasing production and reducing costs. From point-to-point topology to large camera networks, 1394 can easily handle it. The wiring harness strategy is also very important in reducing the implementation cost, achieving the maximum support for multiple media types and topological arrangements. This flexibility allows automakers to choose media that meets system-level cost goals and balances performance, scalability, and weight. Because video streaming is a basic feature of 1394, the cost of doing so is minimal. From reduced silicon cost to very low management overhead, the 1394 cost is comparable to point-to-point solutions, but it can provide all the advantages of network technology. Summary: The 1394 car camera system can provide all the features and functions required for automotive applications, while maintaining a very competitive price advantage. Author: Richard Mourn About the author: Richard Mourn of Aztek is the vice chairman of the 1394 Industry Association and one of the original FireWire developers.
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1394 car camera design
Great progress has been made in automotive camera systems, from single backup cameras and simple sensors to detect objects, to intelligent driving assistance systems such as collision avoidance and signal recognition. These systems require high-bandwidth, low-latency, multi-camera synchronization and scalability, and must meet many common automotive requirements, such as low cost, low maintenance, and reduced weight, and can be implemented with flexible wiring harnesses.