5g will be a global standard, similar to 4G. Unlike the previous four generations, the 5g application is very diverse. Peak rate and average cell spectral efficiency are no longer the only requirements. In addition, experience rate, number of connections, low latency, high reliability, and high energy efficiency will all be important considerations for system design. Application scenarios are not just wide-area coverage, but also include dense hotspots, machine-to-machine communication, car networking, large-scale open-air gatherings, and subways. This also determines that the technology in 5g is diversified and does not have the only iconic technology for each generation of previous generations. 5g applications and key performance indicators For mobile Internet users, the goal of the next 5g is to achieve a user experience similar to fiber-optic speed. For the Internet of Things, the 5g system should support a variety of applications, such as transportation, medical, agriculture, finance, construction, power grid, environmental protection, etc., characterized by massive access. The data stream service is characterized by a high rate, the delay can be 50ms to 100ms; the latency of the interactive service is 5ms to 10ms; real-life enhancement and online games require high-definition video and tens of milliseconds of delay. By 2020, cloud storage will bring together 30% of digital information, meaning that the wireless Internet speed of cloud and terminal reaches the fiber level. In the Internet of Things, services related to data collection include low-rate services such as meter reading and high-rate applications such as video surveillance. The meter reading service is characterized by massive connections, low-cost terminals, low power consumption and small data packets. Video surveillance not only requires high speed, but also has a high deployment density. Control-type services are sometimes sensitive and insensitive, such as the Internet of Vehicles, which includes various applications in home life. In addition to KPI definitions such as user experience rate, traffic density, connection density, delay (end-to-end), and mobility, the 5g requirement also includes three efficiencies: average cell spectral efficiency in bits per second per hertz/cell. Or bit / sec / Hz / square km; energy efficiency, the unit is bit / joule; cost efficiency, the unit is the currency unit / bit. The 5g requirements list the following major application scenarios: dense residential areas, offices, shopping malls, stadiums, large open-air gatherings, subway systems, railway stations, highways, and high-speed rail. For each application scenario, there are different combinations of service types. Four typical deployment scenarios There are three performance indicators that are more important and better quantified in 5g: one is outdoor 100Mbps and 1Gbps user experience rate in hotspots; the other is 10~100 times more connection and connection density than 4G; the third is air interface The delay is within 1 millisecond and the end-to-end delay is in the millisecond range. From a deployment perspective, 5g can be divided into four typical deployment scenarios, which can be more closely linked to technology. These four scenarios are: macro coverage enhancement, ultra-dense deployment, Internet of Things, and low latency/high reliability. - Macro coverage enhancement scene In this scenario, most of the frequency bands used are low frequency, and the coverage radius of the macro cell can reach several kilometers. Performance metrics that achieve a 100 Mbps user experience rate are more challenging. In this scenario, the path loss of different users to the base station is very different, so the signal-to-noise ratio is also very different. Many antennas are generally allowed to be placed on the macro station. The number of connections, even the number of communication users between people is very large. Therefore, suitable technologies include: large-scale antennas, non-orthogonal transmission, and new modulation coding. These techniques can generally coexist well, that is, composite use, and the total gain is approximately equal to the superposition of the gains brought by each technology. - Ultra-dense deployment Many of the 5g application scenarios are related to intensive deployments, such as offices, dense city apartments, shopping malls, open air gatherings, and stadiums. The user experience rate requirement in this scenario is 1 Gbps. Obviously, the user's density is quite high in a typical area and can be outdoors or indoors. The topological shape of the cell exhibits high degree of heterogeneity and diversity, and includes a macro cell, a micro cell, a Pico cell, and a femto cell. Their transmit power, antenna gain, and antenna height are also very different. Suitable potential technologies include advanced interference coordination management, virtual cells, wireless backhaul, new modulation coding, and enhanced self-organizing networks. For indoor deployment, high frequency communication can also be used to enhance the user experience and reduce inter-cell interference. The short-wavelength nature of high frequencies makes large-scale antenna arrays easier to deploy. - Inter-machine communication scenario The biggest challenge of this scenario is to support massive terminals. This also means that the cost of each machine terminal is much lower than that of a typical mobile phone terminal. The power consumption is also low enough to keep the battery from running out for several years. Coverage should also be very robust and able to reach the basement. Potential technologies include narrowband transmission, control signaling optimization, and non-orthogonal transmission. Narrowband transmission can effectively reduce equipment costs and enhance coverage. - low latency and high reliability scenarios Low latency and high reliability are common requirements for several applications. For example, in machine-to-machine communication in some manufacturing industries, millisecond delays can seriously affect product quality. In the intelligent transportation system, the millisecond delay and the detection rate of almost zero are hard requirements, otherwise traffic accidents cannot be avoided. The potential technologies for such scenarios are new designs of physical frames and advanced link adaptation. Terminal pass-through technology also reduces end-to-end latency. 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