I. Overview The standard swimming pool of the official swimming pool is 50m long. The standard short pool is 25m long and 25m wide. There are 9 lanes to form 8 lanes. The width of each lane is 2.5m. The special, Class A and Class B swimming pools are 2.0m deep, and the Class C swimming pools are 1.3m deep. The depth of the diving pool is 5.25m. The lighting of the swimming pool is similar in some respects to indoor stadiums and outdoor stadiums. The difference is that the swimming pool water has waves when the athletes swim and may have a reflection of light. The lighting of the swimming pool must meet the requirements of swimmers, divers, waiters, coaches and spectators, as well as the needs of color TV broadcast sports. The biggest problem with swimming pool lighting is how to control the light curtain reflection on the water surface. The light curtain reflection on the water surface has many hazards to people: swimmers can't see the opponent or others; the diving athlete can't see the water surface, can't accurately judge the timing of entering the water, affect the quality of the action; the referee can't see clearly whether there are any fouls or violations. And so on; because the brightness of the reflected light is much higher than the brightness of the bottom of the pool, the audience can not see the situation in the water. The design of the swimming pool lighting and the installation of the luminaires should ensure that there is no visual interference and that the best results of the game are guaranteed. On the water surface of the swimming pool, the ratio of light reflection and transmission depends on the angle of incidence of the light. In the lighting design of the swimming pool, special attention should be paid to the live broadcast of the color TV. In order to ensure vivid and clear images and vivid colors, it is necessary to pay attention to the installation position and projection direction of the lighting fixtures in order to meet the lighting standards and lighting quality requirements. Second, the basic requirements of lighting The main purpose of lighting in the swimming pool is to provide good visual conditions for everyone in the venue. Therefore, the design must meet the following requirements: 1. The minimum level of illumination at any point in the swimming pool should not be lower than 250lx; 2. The light should be able to refract in the water; 3. Avoid direct or reflected light to produce glare. 1. Water reflection Figure 1. Reflectance of light through walls, ceilings, and water reflections As shown in Fig. 1, when light passes through the ceiling, the wall surface, and the water surface, Fig. 1(a) shows the light reflection on the stationary water surface, and Fig. 1(b) shows the reflected light generated when the water surface fluctuates. The audience has a relatively high viewing angle in the stands. The typical viewing position is athletes, referees, staff, waiters or lifeguards standing by the pool. As shown in Figure 2, they have a lower angle of view, so their angle of incidence is generally larger. , thus having a higher reflectivity. (1) Static water surface: The viewer can only see the reflected image formed by a specific light-emitting point on the wall or on the ceiling. (2) Fluctuating water surface: The viewer can see the reflection image of multiple light sources formed by one light source. Figure 1 is an exaggerated schematic diagram. In fact, the water surface fluctuation will not exceed ±20% of the horizontal plane at any time, as shown in Figure 2. . Similarly, the human eye can see multiple images on the wall, on the ceiling or on the window. The observer facing away from the window does not see the reflected image of the window in the water. 2. Transmitted light on the water surface It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the larger the incident angle on the swimming pool water surface, the higher the water surface reflectance and the smaller the refracted light. The refracted light is transmitted through the water to the bottom of the pool, and after being reflected at the bottom of the pool, people can see the reflected light at the bottom of the pool in the auditorium, poolside, etc. of the swimming pool (field, ground). That is to say, people can see the brightness of the bottom of the pool at the edge of the pool. Such brightness has nothing to do with the water surface condition, that is, the static or fluctuation of the water surface has no effect on the brightness of the bottom of the pool. Therefore, the visibility of the bottom of the pool and the swimmer under water decreases as the brightness of the water surface increases. The brightness of the bottom of the pool is mainly determined by the total luminous flux entering the water, so the brightness of the bottom of the pool depends on the size of the building, the distribution of the light source of the luminaire, the light output of the luminaire, the efficiency of the luminaire, the reflectivity of the wall and the ceiling. The average brightness of the water surface depends on the total luminous flux and on the position of the viewer. This can be seen from Figure 1. For example, the poolside waiters and lifeguards must ensure the safety of the swimmer, and the lighting should be installed with the best viewing conditions. Therefore, the average brightness of the water surface should not be much higher than the brightness of the bottom of the pool. 3. Measures to improve viewing conditions in water (1). With adjustable blinds, the fixed outdoor visor shields the glazing to block the light at an incident angle of 50° or more; (2). Use curtains, roller blinds or tinted glass to reduce the natural light entering the room; (3). The maximum light intensity and vertical line angle of the luminaire on the ceiling should not exceed 50°, but it should not affect the luminaire efficiency too much; (4). Improve the reflectivity of the bottom of the pool, the reflectivity should not be less than 70%; (5). For systems with direct illumination, the reflectivity in walls and ceilings should be in the range of 0.4 to 0.6. For the indirect lighting system, under the premise of ensuring the efficiency of the lighting, the reflectivity of the ceiling is improved and the low illumination of the wall surface is ensured. (6). Underwater lighting system to improve underwater brightness, artificial lighting to improve the visual conditions of viewing in the pool. However, underwater lighting cannot effectively improve the reflected light from the water surface caused by windows, and cannot correct the improper electrical lighting design; (7). The illumination around the pool and the spectator stands shall not produce disturbing reflected light. Third, the design points of lighting 1. Illuminance For swimmers, swimming pool lighting must first provide safety for swimmers. Therefore, swimming pool lighting must meet the following requirements: (1). The staff and service personnel must be able to clearly see the dangerous swimmers by limiting the reflected light on the water surface and having a horizontal illumination that meets the standard; (2). During the water polo match, the referee and the spectator should be able to see the rapid movement of the athlete; (3). During the swimming competition, when the athlete touches the pool, the referee and the audience can clearly see the action of the touch pool, so that the referee can accurately determine; (4). During the diving competition, the referee and the spectator should be able to see the athlete's complete flip and movement details. For the recommended values ​​of lighting indicators for swimming, diving, water polo and synchronized swimming, please refer to the “Binghua Dialect†stadium lighting standard. 2. Uniformity The design should pay attention to the uniformity of illumination around the swimming pool. The "Binghuahua Electric" stadium lighting standard review has detailed requirements, but also pay attention to the uniformity of the immersion of the diving athlete's movement trajectory. Pay special attention to avoid high brightness on the wall, because high-gloss walls make it easier to create glare on the pool surface. 3. The color of the light source In principle, the color rendering index Ra is 65 or above to meet most of the competition requirements. The cost of using a high color rendering source is at the expense of the light source's efficacy, whether it is a metal halide lamp or an LED. For places that require high illumination or need to block natural light, the color temperature of the lamp is preferably greater than 4000K. The swimming pool with LED lights, special color rendering index R9 should also pay attention, and the specific values ​​are being studied at home and abroad. A better solution is to use a metal halide lamp or an LED lamp because of its high efficiency, long life, and good color temperature and color rendering. The final choice of light source depends on a number of factors. For example, the number of hours used per year, initial investment and operating costs, light control, switch requirements, and color quality. It should be said that there is no more room for choosing the type of light source. It is important to choose the specification of the light source. For the principle of selecting the power of the light source, please refer to the relevant content of the "Binghuahua Electric" stadium lighting summary. 4. Lighting Outdoor swimming pool lighting can be used for ordinary floodlights, maintenance is also routine maintenance; but indoor swimming pools are different, because the indoor environment is high temperature, humidity, and chemical corrosion, the lamps should be able to adapt to this unfavorable environment, maintenance work is different outdoor. Because the ceiling of the swimming pool hall is closed, it is not so much a ceiling, but a mezzanine, and the lamps are usually under the ceiling, which brings a lot of difficulties to the maintenance work. Of course, if the ceiling is dry and ventilated, all maintenance work can be carried out in the ceiling space without any special problems. To this end, the swimming pool playing field uses partially sealed lamps to prevent dust from accumulating on the light source and the optical reflector. If the light source is broken, the glass will fall inside the lamp and will not hurt people. Due to moisture and condensate, the enclosure of the luminaire should not be less than IP55, and the enclosure of the luminaire should not be less than IP65 in areas where maintenance or contamination is severe, and the enclosure of the underwater luminaire should be IP68. The installation position of the luminaire should also consider the maintenance, cleaning and replacement of the luminaire. Therefore, it is generally not necessary to install the luminaire on the ceiling above the swimming pool, and the luminaire should be installed on the side. If the installation height of the lateral lighting fixture is limited, there may be a problem of water surface illumination. To avoid this, you should choose the appropriate light distribution fixture. Fourth, lighting design principles In order to obtain a higher illumination of the swimming pool site, a general requirement is imposed on the indoor swimming pool, that is, the bottom surface of the swimming pool should have a high reflectance. Indoor swimming pool lighting systems are often limited by architecture and structure. Electrical lighting in indoor swimming pools can only be used as a supplement to natural daylighting. When natural lighting is insufficient and there is no natural daylighting, electrical lighting provides the most for athletes, staff, referees and spectators. Good viewing conditions. However, electrical lighting does not diminish the glare of natural light, and does not reduce the reflected light produced by natural light on the surface of the water. At the same time, the lighting device must be adapted to the environmental conditions for easy maintenance. However, natural lighting is not allowed in official competitions! 1. Direct lighting (1). Use high-intensity discharge lamps or LED lamps Metal halide lamps or LEDs are usually equipped with reflectors, gratings, or prism plates. The illumination device is similar to a point source, providing medium and wide beam light distribution, which can strictly control the brightness above 50° angle with the vertical line. The lighting device has high efficiency, the beam angle of the lamp is small, and the luminous intensity of the lamp is high in the beam angle, thereby generating highly refracted light in the water, and therefore, the swimming pool has high brightness. At the same time, the illuminator has a small area of ​​reflected light on the water surface and low brightness. The shortcomings of this kind of scheme are more prominent, because the downward intensity of the illumination device is high, which will cause glare to the backwalking motion. If you want to reduce the brightness of the luminaire, you must increase the number of luminaires to achieve the same illuminance, thus increasing the amount of reflected light on the water surface. In fact, the ceiling should have a reflectivity of at least 0.6, which reduces the brightness of the luminaire and its surroundings. The reflectivity of the wall should not be less than 0.4 to prevent a feeling of depression. If the height of the large-area glazing is to the ceiling, curtains and blinds should be used. Due to the high brightness in the water, this scheme does not require underwater lighting. (2). Use a covered fluorescent lamp or LED strip light Strip lights should be arranged in rows, and the lamps should be arranged in a large area. The refracted light of this method is still high, and the reflected light affects a large area, but its brightness is low. Its brightness is much lower than that of high-intensity gas discharge lamps, and the light intensity above 50° should be controlled. If the brightness in the water can meet the requirements, you can not increase the underwater lighting. For small swimming pools, if the ceiling is low, it is sometimes difficult to control the brightness above 50°, and underwater lighting can be used to improve underwater viewing conditions. If the reflectivity of the wall and ceiling is 0.6, there is usually no glare problem for swimmers, and blinds and curtains can also be used for competition at night. This scheme requires that the luminaires be arranged in a strictly parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the swimming pool. The backstroke athletes refer to the direction of the light row and rarely refer to the lane markings. This program is only suitable for all-sea fitness and recreational swimming places. (3). Lighting ceiling The lighting ceiling is to install the lighting system on the ceiling, which turns a small amount of high-brightness, small-area point light source into a ceiling surface light source, and forms a low brightness. Of course, the ceiling should choose a diffusing plate with a low brightness within a 50° angle. The lighting effect of the grille lamp is unsatisfactory. People can see the reflected image of the light source in the water. At the same time, there are also problems in safety. If the light source glass breaks and falls into the water, it may hurt people. The brightness of the reflected light provided by such an illumination system is very low, the refraction is still acceptable, and satisfactory viewing conditions can be obtained. However, the disadvantages of this lighting system are high cost and low efficiency, and are rarely used in official competition venues. (4). Side lighting As with stadiums, side lighting is a common form of lighting because its initial and shipping costs are usually the lowest and maintenance is convenient. However, its shortcomings are also obvious: first, the system is inefficient, and second, direct glare and reflected glare on the water surface are large. If the lighting system does not meet the recommended angle, underwater lighting can be used to offset the reflected light from the water surface. 2. Indirect lighting In order to reduce the impact on the glare of athletes and viewers, indirect lighting can be used. Although indirect lighting is generally considered to be inefficient, in some cases it may be more economical to limit the glare by using grille or other measures than direct lighting. Moreover, indirect lighting is easier to maintain and manage because the lamps can be mounted on the walls on both sides. In this case, light walls and ceilings should be used, the wall reflectance should be 70%, and the ceiling reflectance should be 80%. The measures to control the reflected glare are as follows: (1). The reflecting surface of the ceiling cannot exceed the swimming pool too much; (2). Ensure that there is only uniform illumination in the reflection area of ​​the ceiling, so that there will be no direct glare to the swimmers and the audience, and avoid high brightness values ​​on the wall surface of the upper part of the lamp; (3) Looking at the direction of the long axis of the swimming pool, it is necessary to control the brightness of the ceiling at a high angle within a certain range. The method is as follows: install a black light barrier under the ceiling, and use a transverse structural beam or bridge. The indirect lighting system provides a pleasant lighting effect, especially suitable for entertaining swimming pools, not suitable for official competition venues. The high-power, high-efficiency high-intensity gas discharge lamp is used, and its reasonable cost is lower than that of some direct lighting systems, and the maintenance work is relatively simple. Indirect lighting is low in brightness and requires an underwater lighting system to improve viewing conditions. However, in some cases it is not necessary to add an underwater lighting system to achieve acceptable viewing conditions. 3. Multi-function lighting system Multi-function lighting systems are commonly used in swimming pools for recreation and competition. There may be a color TV broadcast during the competition and the swimming pool can also be used for water shows. This system can be adjusted to different lighting effects and can be combined by two or more lighting systems. 4. Underwater lighting Sometimes underwater lighting is required to increase the atmosphere. Especially for synchronized swimming, in order to be able to see the athlete's underwater performances and color TV broadcast underwater athletes, underwater lighting is more important. In addition, underwater lighting can increase underwater brightness and reduce water surface. Reflective. The underwater lighting system increases the brightness of the bottom of the pool and reduces the reflection of the light curtain on the water surface. Secondly, the trainer and the audience must be able to clearly see the movements of the swimmer. But the most important problem to be solved by underwater lighting is safety. The underwater lighting of the swimming pool can be referred to the following indicators: indoors is 1000~1100lm/m2 (pool surface). The underwater lighting fixtures should be arranged 0.3 to 0.5 m below the surface of the water, and the spacing between the lamps should be 2.5~3m (shallow pool) and 3.5~4m (deep pool). The luminaire shall be protective and have a reliable safety grounding measure. Underwater lighting fixtures should be powered by special low-voltage power supply. The power supply voltage should be no more than 12V, and lamps with class III protection should be selected. Underwater illumination usually uses LED lights or high-intensity discharge lamps. The lamps are generally arranged on the long side of the swimming pool, and the illumination direction of the lamps is parallel to the short-side plane of the swimming pool. In this way, the beam has the shortest distance in the water and has the least impact on the swimmer. The peak light intensity of the floodlight is about 10° from the horizontal, so there is no harm to the swimmer and the surrounding audience. The reflectivity of the interior finish should be as high as possible for best results. High-intensity discharge lamps are more effective than incandescent lamps in view of the absorption characteristics of water. Underwater lighting has two installation methods: drywall and wet niches. The wet tick method is to embed special underwater lamps into the wall of the swimming pool; the dry wall is waterproof and sealed, and the lamps are ordinary lamps, which are installed in the dry wall. The advantages of dry niches are: easy to install, safer for swimmers; easy to adjust fixtures; easy to repair from the maintenance walkway or from outside the pool; a variety of new light sources can be used. Underwater lighting is rarely used in modern swimming pools, and normal venue lighting can meet underwater lighting requirements. V. Requirements for color TV broadcast The indoor swimming pool, if color TV is required, its electrical lighting system can be permanently illuminated. The electrical lighting system can be a side lighting system. Floodlighting mounted on a light bridge or on a horse's road can also be used. Directly downward illumination does not meet vertical illumination requirements. Therefore, the use of metal halide floodlights and LED lamps with better beam control can increase the downward luminous flux in the direction of the long axis of the swimming pool, and can control the light curtain reflection to the camera and the audience. However, floodlights are strictly forbidden to cause undesirable glare to swimmers, referees and officials at the pool end. As long as the fixture is installed at the right height, the light bridge above the swimming pool and the side lighting system can be very satisfactory. However, attention must be paid to the position and projection direction of the lighting device to avoid glare to the referees, staff and audience, and to not affect the mood of the diver and swimmer. Six, examples 1. National Aquatics Center - Water Cube The National Aquatics Center - Water Cube is a masterpiece of Chinese independent innovation. It has won many first prizes such as the National Science and Technology Progress Award and the National Excellent Design Gold Award. Its ingenious design has created many world firsts, many national and provincial-level scientific and technological research projects, and dozens of patented technologies with independent intellectual property rights. The energy saving of the entire building is over 9%, achieving the unification of beauty and technology. During the 2008 Olympic Games, the Water Cube can accommodate 17,000 spectators. After the Olympic Games, temporary seats were removed and only 6,000 seats were reserved. At the time of the Olympic Games, the total construction area was 87,000 m2. After the Olympic Games, the total construction area was 94,000 m2. There were two underground floors, four floors above ground and a height of 31 meters on the ground. The building envelope is made of a two-layer polytetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) film air pillow unit. The underground part is a concrete structure, a pile foundation, and the ground is a polyhedral steel frame steel structure system. There is an Olympic swimming pool (for official competitions), a warm-up pool (for warm-up and fitness for all), and a diving pool. Figure 3 is a lighting diagram of the water cube site. A total of 308 sets of EF2000 lamps and 1000W double-ended short-arc metal halide lamps are used. Table 1 shows the number of lights on and the power load in the main mode. Table 2 compares the measured data with the design standards and design data. The site lighting of the Water Cube meets the needs of the Olympic Games and HDTV broadcast. 2. Shanghai Pudong Swimming Hall The museum is currently the largest venue in Pudong New Area that integrates fitness, leisure, entertainment, competition and training. It is a transformation project. There is an international standard game pool, as well as a training pool and a pool. The original site lighting uses 33 sets of 1000W and 29 sets of 400W metal halide lamps. After 7 years of use, the lamp body is seriously corroded, posing a safety hazard. The transformation adopted 44 sets of high-efficiency and corrosion-resistant LED lamps with a single lamp power of 270W. After the transformation, the average illuminance reached 600lx, and the illuminance increased by 34%. Custom manufacturer of CNC fabricated wood parts for industrial purposes. Available in a variety of specifications. Services include bending, forming, tube bending, waterjet cutting, machining, welding, weldments, and machine building. Can accommodate a wide variety of fabrications, including large or small parts and assemblies. Assembly, prototype, finishing, design, and engineering services are also offered. 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Figure 2 water surface refraction
Figure 3 Water cube lighting lighting diagram